Modeling Language Tokens as Functionals of Semantic Fields

Recent advances in natural language processing have relied heavily on using Transformer-based language models. However, Transformers often require large parameter sizes and model depth. Existing Transformer-free approaches using state-space models demonstrate superiority over Transformers, yet they still lack a neuro-biologically connection to the human brain. This paper proposes ${\it LasF}$, representing ${\bf L}$anguage tokens ${\bf as}$ ${\bf F}$unctionals of semantic fields, to simulate the neuronal behaviors for better language modeling. The ${\it LasF}$ module is equivalent to a nonlinear approximator tailored for sequential data. By replacing the final layers of pre-trained language models with the ${\it LasF}$ module, we obtain ${\it LasF}$-based models. Experiments conducted for standard reading comprehension and question-answering tasks demonstrate that the ${\it LasF}$-based models consistently improve accuracy with fewer parameters. Besides, we use CommonsenseQA's blind test set to evaluate a full-parameter tuned ${\it LasF}$-based model, which outperforms the prior best ensemble and single models by $0.4\%$ and $3.1\%$, respectively. Furthermore, our ${\it LasF}$-only language model trained from scratch outperforms existing parameter-efficient language models on standard datasets such as WikiText103 and PennTreebank.