What Characterizes Effective Reasoning? Revisiting Length, Review, and Structure of CoT

Large reasoning models (LRMs) spend substantial test-time compute on long chain-of-thought (CoT) traces, but what characterizes an effective CoT remains unclear. While prior work reports gains from lengthening CoTs and increasing review via appended wait tokens, recent studies suggest that shorter thinking can outperform longer traces. We therefore conduct a systematic evaluation across ten LRMs on math and scientific reasoning. Contrary to the “longer-is-better” narrative, we find that both naively using longer CoTs and more review behaviors are associated with lower accuracy. As CoT unfolds step by step, token-level metrics can conflate verbosity with process quality. We introduce a graph view of CoT to extract structure and identify a single statistic—the Failed-Step Fraction (FSF), the fraction of steps in abandoned branches—that consistently outpredicts length and review ratio for correctness across models. To probe causality, we design two interventions. First, we rank candidate CoTs by each metric at test time, where FSF yields the largest pass@1 gains; second, we edit CoTs to remove failed branches, which significantly improves accuracy, indicating that failed branches bias subsequent reasoning. Taken together, these results characterize effective CoTs as those that fail less and support structure-aware test-time scaling over indiscriminately generating long CoTs.