ECHO: Entropy-Confidence Hybrid Optimization for Test-Time Reinforcement Learning

Test-time reinforcement learning generates multiple candidate answers via repeated rollouts and performs online updates using pseudo-labels constructed by majority voting. To reduce overhead and improve exploration, prior work introduces tree-structured rollouts, which share reasoning prefixes and branch at key nodes to improve sampling efficiency. However, this paradigm still faces two challenges: (1) high-entropy branching can trigger rollout collapse, where the branching budget concentrates on a few trajectories with consecutive high-entropy segments, rapidly reducing the number of effective branches; (2) early pseudo-labels are noisy and biased, which can induce self-reinforcing overfitting, causing the policy to sharpen prematurely and suppress exploration. To address these issues, we propose Entropy–Confidence Hybrid Group Relative Policy Optimization (ECHO). During rollout, ECHO jointly leverages local entropy and group-level confidence to adaptively control branch width, and further introduces online confidence-based pruning to terminate persistently low-confidence branches, avoiding high-entropy traps and mitigating collapse. During policy updates, ECHO employs confidence-adaptive clipping and an entropy–confidence hybrid advantage shaping approach to enhance training robustness and mitigate early-stage bias. Experiments demonstrate that ECHO achieves consistent gains on multiple mathematical and visual reasoning benchmarks, and generalizes more effectively under a limited rollout budget.