A Control-Theoretic View of Mamba on Stability and Robustness

Selective State Space Models (SSMs) such as Mamba have emerged as efficient alternatives to Transformers, achieving linear complexity through input-dependent parameterization. However, this selectivity transforms the system from linear time-invariant (LTI) to linear parameter-varying (LPV), where individually stable matrices can produce unbounded trajectories under switching. Existing work focuses on empirical performance, leaving global stability, robustness bounds, and practical certification unresolved. This paper develops a control-theoretic framework providing the first comprehensive stability and robustness analysis for selective SSMs. We prove BIBO stability by viewing selective scans as continuous-time LTI sampling and establish two-term robustness bounds with linear growth in sequence length. For general LPV systems, we provide common quadratic Lyapunov function conditions and develop algorithms to extract certificate constants directly from trained weights. These results bridge control theory and SSM architectures, enabling formal guarantees for safety-critical deployment.