Tippett-minimum Fusion of Representation-space Diffusion Models for Multi-Encoder Out-of-Distribution Detection

We address out-of-distribution (OOD) detection across the full spectrum of distribution shifts $-$ global domain changes, semantic divergence, texture differences, and covariate corruptions $-$ through a multi-encoder fusion of per-encoder representation-space diffusion models (RDMs). We statistically identify each encoder's sensitivity to specific shift types from ID data alone and introduce EncMin2L $-$ an encoder-agnostic two-level $\min(\cdot)$-gate that combines and calibrates per-encoder diffusion-based likelihood detectors without OOD labels, outperforming monolithic multi-encoder baselines at $2.3 \times$ lower parameter cost. Two ID-data diagnostics: $\eta^2$ (class-conditional F-test) and $\Delta\mu$ (log-likelihood shift under synthetic corruptions) $-$ quantify encoder specialization, while a Tippett minimum $p$-value combination aggregates per-encoder scores into a single, calibration-stable OOD signal. EncMin2L achieves $\geq 0.94$ AUROC across all four shift types simultaneously, outperforming the state-of-the-art latent-space diffusion OOD detectors across overlapping benchmarks.