Learning to Ideate for Scientific Impact

Scientific ideation is increasingly mediated by large language models, but current ideation systems are usually trained and evaluated on immediately judgeable proxies such as novelty, clarity, and feasibility. This leaves open whether delayed signals of scientific uptake can be used as feedback for steering models toward research directions with higher expected impact. We study this question using citation-normalized impact as a noisy but scalable proxy for scholarly uptake. We construct a large-scale dataset from over 100K computer science papers by extracting goal-conditioned idea descriptions and assigning each paper an ordinal, year-normalized citation label. We then train a goal-conditioned reward model to predict citation-impact labels from research goal and idea pairs, and use this reward to align an idea generator through supervised fine-tuning followed by reinforcement learning. To reduce circularity, we evaluate generated ideas with a held-out, reference-grounded protocol that compares model outputs against historical ideas under the same research goal and weights judgments by the reference idea’s citation-impact label. Experiments show that our RL-tuned model consistently produces ideas with higher estimated impact than both the base model and supervised fine-tuning baselines. Our findings position scientific impact as a practical, outcome-grounded feedback signal for aligning LLMs in open-ended scientific discovery.